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The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality, by Thomas M. Shapiro
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Over the past three decades, racial prejudice in America has declined significantly and many African American families have seen a steady rise in employment and annual income. But alongside these encouraging signs, Thomas Shapiro argues in The Hidden Cost of Being African American, fundamental levels of racial inequality persist, particularly in the area of asset accumulation--inheritance, savings accounts, stocks, bonds, home equity, and other investments. Shapiro reveals how the lack of these family assets along with continuing racial discrimination in crucial areas like homeownership dramatically impact the everyday lives of many black families, reversing gains earned in schools and on jobs, and perpetuating the cycle of poverty in which far too many find themselves trapped.
Shapiro uses a combination of in-depth interviews with almost 200 families from Los Angeles, Boston, and St. Louis, and national survey data with 10,000 families to show how racial inequality is transmitted across generations. We see how those families with private wealth are able to move up from generation to generation, relocating to safer communities with better schools and passing along the accompanying advantages to their children. At the same time those without significant wealth remain trapped in communities that don't allow them to move up, no matter how hard they work. Shapiro challenges white middle class families to consider how the privileges that wealth brings not only improve their own chances but also hold back people who don't have them. This "wealthfare" is a legacy of inequality that, if unchanged, will project social injustice far into the future.
Showing that over half of black families fall below the asset poverty line at the beginning of the new century, The Hidden Cost of Being African American will challenge all Americans to reconsider what must be done to end racial inequality.
- Sales Rank: #63453 in Books
- Brand: Shapiro, Thomas M.
- Published on: 2005-01-27
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 6.00" h x .90" w x 9.00" l, .78 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 258 pages
From Publishers Weekly
Shapiro, coauthor of Black Wealth/White Wealth, has helped establish that the racial gap in wealth-i.e., assets, including property-is more enduring than the gap in income. That gap, a 10-fold ratio, is exemplified by what the author terms "transformative assets"-gifts, from parents and others, that work to lift succeeding generations economically and socially beyond their own achievements. Interviews with black, white and Hispanic families in Boston, Los Angeles and St. Louis show families with similar incomes living in stratified neighborhoods (and better school districts) thanks to parental help. Most of the white interviewees don't recognize the role of Shapiro's form of privilege in their lives, while middle-class blacks report far more issues with needy parents, relatives and friends. Shapiro, who holds a chair in law and social policy at Brandeis, also shows why it costs more for blacks to buy homes: discrimination in credit, higher interest rates (whites have more capacity to pay "points") and depressed home values caused by residential segregation all contribute. At the same time, Shapiro says, policies such as the federal tax break on mortgage interest perpetuates inequality by making the relatively rich richer. He proposes several class-based, tax-eased solutions at the federal level that go beyond social security: children's savings accounts; individual development accounts that match savings; and down payment accounts to help buy homes, drawn from a partial tax credit for renters. Such policies, he reminds us, would hardly be outlandish; they echo previous asset-building policies such as the Homestead Act, the GI Bill and Veterans Administration home loans. A reformed estate tax, he argues, would also help move toward fairness. With all the data Shapiro convincingly pulls together, this should be an essential document for policy groups and could reframe the debate around affirmative action and reparations.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From Booklist
Shapiro follows up on his earlier work, Black Wealth/White Wealth (1995), which reflected on the racial inequality that is passed from one generation to the next. In this book, Shapiro relates stories, drawn from interviews with both blacks and whites, from the Boston, L.A., and St. Louis areas, of how individuals and families use their assets to secure advantage and opportunities. Shapiro focuses not just on inherited wealth but also on what he calls transformative assets, which help to get families beyond their own achievement levels, for instance, providing a down payment for a home. He explores the equity values associated with owning homes and the connection between home ownership, community, and high-quality education. He also examines government policies that impact racial inequality, including the post-World War II housing boom facilitated by the FHA, which excluded black participation, negatively affecting generations to follow. Shapiro does an excellent job of showing the connections between racial inequality, opportunities, and family wealth. Vernon Ford
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved
Review
"Powerfully mixes poignant individual stories and moral outrage with clear statistical analyses and a strong exposition of a workable solution to continued, severe racial inequality."--Boston Globe
"With all the data Shapiro convincingly pulls together, this should be an essential document for policy groups and could reframe the debate around affirmative action and reparations."--Publishers Weekly
"Shapiro does an excellent job of showing the connections between racial inequality, opportunities, and family wealth."--Booklist
"How can disadvantage persist so long after most laws, minds and practices have changed? Shapiro argues in this sober and authoritative book that we should look to disparities of wealth for the answer.... Few of his proposals may be tried in the current political climate, where far more pressure goes toward abolishing inheritance taxes altogether. Yet by giving such a frank and probing appraisal of the long-term damage wrought by unequal wealth, Shapiro continues to press the case for resolving America's most stubborn and profound source of racial division."--Washington Post Book World
"This book almost unerringly finds its mark."--Crisis
"Shapiro's book deserves attention for its focus on an enduring fissure in Americans' ideas about themselves. There were and are considerably fewer self-made men in the New World than the current mythology enumerates. Those who enjoyed success largely did so abetted by the sweated labor of those whom they owned or hired, not to mention their wives, who kept their homes clean and bore their children. Inequality was the favored few's leg-up on life. If that advantage persists, as Shapiro suggests it has, and if it is being replicated through generations, because of the financial advantages reaped by the founders of those generations, as he also suggests, then it is time to consider ways to redress the balance of inequality."--The New Leader
"An important book about the troubling and persistent disparities of wealth along racial lines. It deepens our critical understanding of how inherited wealth distorts real meritocracy and equal opportunity." --Bill Gates Sr. and Chuck Collins, co-authors of Wealth and Our Commonwealth: Why America Should Tax Accumulated Fortunes
"This important book takes the critical next step in wealth research: Through intimate portraits of American families it shows how wealth matters. Shapiro convincingly demonstrates how parents use household wealth to foster advantage for their children--and how African Americans are at a distinct disadvantage in this game by virtue of a relative lack of family assets. Important reading for anyone interested in how race and class works in contemporary America." --Dalton Conley, author of Honky
"A great read and a remarkable advance in showing how assets take on profound importance in shaping racial inequality in America. With its masterful combination of indepth interviews and quantitative data, it will convince even the most skeptical reader that the playing field is far from level." --Mitchell Duneier, author of Sidewalk and Slim's Table: Race, Respectability, and Masculinity
"This insightful study adds to a growing body of research documenting that asset holding has important effects on well-being, independent of income. Shapiro explores complex relationships among race, home ownership, and educational opportunity. He assesses the cost of being black in these crucial interactions. He introduces the concept of transformative assets to describe inherited wealth that makes a difference in life chances. This book should be read by anyone concerned about race, wealth, and the future of America." --Michael Sherraden, Benjamin E. Youngdahl Professor of Social Development, Washington University in St. Louis
Most helpful customer reviews
56 of 59 people found the following review helpful.
A Worthy Successor to Black Wealth/White Wealth
By Fred McGhee
Make no mistake about it. The snide comment by Washington Post reviewer Michael Hout above indicates a fundamental inability to comprehend what Shapiro is saying. Why would Hout choose to write this in his review?:
"Families and generations are at the core of Shapiro's analysis. So I was surprised that he did not directly address how marriage and family structure fit into the cycles of accumulation, inheritance and investment. Married couples accumulate more wealth than single parents do, according to other researchers. That suggests to me that African-American family issues must play a role in the wealth gap."
Hout obviously is attempting to make a point about the high rate of single parent families within Black America, and is implying that if only Black women chose to marry the fathers of their babies that they would not suffer many of the consequences Shapiro lays out in his book. There is but one problem: Shapiro addresses this lame-ass "culture of poverty" nonsense repeatedly in his book, and convincingly shows that even if Black marriage rates were equal to white rates that African-Americans would STILL have less wealth, educational opportunities, and transformative assets. Moreover, Shapiro does a good job of pointing out the motivations behind WHY whites like Mr. Houst consistenly resort to the same trite culturalist arguments of Black pathology when confronted with the troubling facts: they can't bring themselves to admit that their white privilege was constructed and is maintained at the expense of people of color, especially Blacks, because it shatters their deep-seated need to believe that they "earned" everything that they have instead of having been bequeathed it as a result of generations of racial prejudice and institutional racism.
Perhaps the sublety of Mr. Shapiro's argument was a tad too much for Mr. Houst and his editors at the Washington Post.
If anything, Shapiro's argument can be argued from a left perspective to be an insufficient "liberal" formulation that refuses to engage and critique the structural inequalities of capitalism head-on, substituting a Ford Foundation-esque "asset accumulation" prescription for maladies that require far more radical measures. As authors such as Manning Marable have noted for years, much of American capitalism was structurally DESIGNED to UNDERDEVELOP Black America and continues to operate in this fashion. Thus arguing that Blacks simply need "more" wealth in order to achieve racial parity overlooks many sociological and anthropological insights about race developed over the past thirty years, as well as many Marxian insights about race that have been floating around for years as well.
Still, even as a half-measure, this is a highly enlightening and challenging read. It is sure to make many white families uncomfortable because they will probably see themselves in much of what Shapiro writes. Which is the point.
40 of 45 people found the following review helpful.
A BOOK WITH PROFOUND IMPLICATIONS
By A Customer
Black people are bringing home bigger paychecks than ever. They face less overt racism on a day-to-day basis. Everything's copacetic, right? WRONG. This book is so important because it shows why African Americans pass along inequality from generation to generation. Most white people who "make it on their own" it turns out, tend to have a little help from their parents in buying their first house. $10,000, $20,000, or more, this means that they can put more money down, get a lower interst rate, move into a better neighborhood, with better schools, so their kids get better educations and all of the priveleges that access to such schools brings. And it all happens again in the next generation.
Shapiro brings this to life by talking to black and white people about how they have made their way in the world. Inherited assets, it turns out, have a lot to do with it.
This is a book that will force black and white people alike to think about how racial inequality is passed down from generation to generation. I myself would argue that it makes the case for at least a more serious discussion of reparations in the form of home buying grants or something of that kind, and an INCREASE in the so-called "death tax".
Read it and think about it!
21 of 23 people found the following review helpful.
"The concept of a stakeholder society": A Look at Wealth, Inequality, and Innovative Solutions
By vabookreader
Thomas M. Shapiro's _The Hidden Cost of Being African American_ (2004) is a powerful book that offers a unique look at economic inequality across racial lines. His discussion is not yet part of the mainstream discussion of race and government policy, but it should be, and his book makes an important contribution. His analysis is convincing, and the solutions he offers are worth serious consideration.
Shapiro's methodology is engaging. He uses statistical data aggregated from the longitudinal Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)-an ongoing government funded study begun in 1968 that examines the finances of approximately 8,000 American families. In addition, he and his research team interviewed approximately 200 families in Boston, St. Louis, and Los Angeles, half of whom were black, half were white, with a subset of latino families. Shapiro blends statistical data with the voices of the families he has interviewed. People discuss their salaries, their financial assets, their reasoning for buying and selling homes, and their thoughts about money. This approach makes for a highly readable book.
Based on PSID data and the interviews, Shapiro focuses on the imbalance in asset-share between African Americans and white Americans, and its repercussions. He shifts the discussion from one focused on salaries, where in the last two decades there has been progress toward greater parity between whites' and blacks' wages, to a study of real assets. From an asset perspective, Shapiro argues, the nation's economic picture is very problematic.
Shapiro shows that in general, African Americans' accumulated financial assets are considerably smaller than whites', leading to fewer economic opportunities, greater economic hardship, and less access to wealth creation opportunities. The diminished asset share stems directly from the nation's history of racial oppression when African Americans did not have the same opportunities to amass wealth over generations. Shapiro outlines the real consequences of this difference in assets.
A financial asset perspective offers a global picture of economic wellbeing that includes a family's savings accounts, stocks and other investments, home equity, and inherited wealth through gifts and bequests. One of Shapiro's main points is that white families, in general, have much greater access to "transformative assets"-wealth and gifts inherited from previous generations-which enable families to enjoy opportunities that they have inherited from previous generations but have not earned themselves through merit. Shapiro looks at the types of advantages that come with these "transformative assets" and generational wealth, including down payments on homes and college educations paid for by parents and grandparents, as well as inheritable legacies from grandparents and parents. These "transformative assets" lead to considerable (and often profound) differences in social and economic opportunity and quality of life, even when wages are comparable.
Shapiro offers an illuminating discussion of schools and the housing market, showing connections between race and economics. He looks at how people's individual choices often entrench economic and social inequality, wittingly and unwittingly. At the end of the book, he offers a number of remedies, both market and government-incentive based, to create a "stakeholder" society where asset growth is promoted for the working poor and the middle class.
For example, one proposal is for Children Savings Accounts. Shapiro points out that if a child had an initial bank account of $1,000 and $500 were contributed annually, by the time the child reached 18 years old, he or she would have about $40,000. This is one way to provide transformative assets-for a down payment on a house, education, etc-to all Americans.
This is an excellent book with many important insights.
See all 29 customer reviews...
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